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<title>Smart Quotes for Docutils</title>
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<div class="document" id="smart-quotes-for-docutils">
<h1 class="title">Smart Quotes for Docutils</h1>
<table class="docinfo" frame="void" rules="none">
<col class="docinfo-name" />
<col class="docinfo-content" />
<tbody valign="top">
<tr><th class="docinfo-name">Author:</th>
<td>Günter Milde,
based on SmartyPants by John Gruber, Brad Choate, and Chad Miller</td></tr>
<tr><th class="docinfo-name">Contact:</th>
<td><a class="first last reference external" href="mailto:docutils-develop@lists.sourceforge.net">docutils-develop@lists.sourceforge.net</a></td></tr>
<tr><th class="docinfo-name">Revision:</th>
<td>9051</td></tr>
<tr><th class="docinfo-name">Date:</th>
<td>2022-04-02</td></tr>
<tr class="license field"><th class="docinfo-name">License:</th><td class="field-body">Released under the terms of the <a class="reference external" href="http://opensource.org/licenses/BSD-2-Clause">2-Clause BSD license</a></td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
<div class="abstract topic">
<p class="topic-title">Abstract</p>
<p>This document describes the Docutils <cite>smartquotes</cite> module.</p>
</div>
<!-- Minimal menu bar for inclusion in documentation sources
in ``docutils/docs/*/`` sub-diretories.
Attention: this is not a standalone document. -->
<div class="contents topic" id="contents">
<p class="topic-title">Contents</p>
<ul class="simple">
<li><a class="reference internal" href="#description" id="toc-entry-1">Description</a></li>
<li><a class="reference internal" href="#escaping" id="toc-entry-2">Escaping</a></li>
<li><a class="reference internal" href="#localization" id="toc-entry-3">Localization</a></li>
<li><a class="reference internal" href="#caveats" id="toc-entry-4">Caveats</a><ul>
<li><a class="reference internal" href="#why-you-might-not-want-to-use-smart-quotes-in-your-documents" id="toc-entry-5">Why You Might Not Want to Use "Smart" Quotes in Your Documents</a></li>
<li><a class="reference internal" href="#algorithmic-shortcomings" id="toc-entry-6">Algorithmic Shortcomings</a></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><a class="reference internal" href="#history" id="toc-entry-7">History</a></li>
</ul>
</div>
<div class="section" id="description">
<h1><a class="toc-backref" href="#toc-entry-1">Description</a></h1>
<p>The <a class="reference external" href="config.html#smart-quotes">"smart_quotes" configuration setting</a> triggers the SmartQuotes
transformation on Text nodes that includes the following steps:</p>
<ul class="simple">
<li>Straight quotes (<tt class="docutils literal">"</tt> and <tt class="docutils literal">'</tt>) into "curly" quote characters</li>
<li>dashes (<tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">--</span></tt> and <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">---</span></tt>) into en- and em-dash entities</li>
<li>three consecutive dots (<tt class="docutils literal">...</tt> or <tt class="docutils literal">. . .</tt>) into an ellipsis entity.</li>
</ul>
<p>This means you can write, edit, and save your documents using plain old
ASCII -- straight quotes, plain dashes, and plain dots -- while Docutils
generates documents with typographical quotes, dashes, and ellipses.</p>
<p>Advantages:</p>
<ul class="simple">
<li>Typing speed (especially when blind-typing).</li>
<li>The possibility to change the quoting style of the
complete document with just one configuration option.</li>
<li>Typographical quotes with just 7-bit ASCII characters in the source.</li>
</ul>
<p>However, there are <a class="reference internal" href="#algorithmic-shortcomings">algorithmic shortcomings</a> for 2 reasons:</p>
<ul class="simple">
<li>Dual use of the "ASCII-apostrophe" (') as single quote and apostrophe.</li>
<li>Languages that do not use whitespace around words.</li>
</ul>
<p>So, please consider also
<a class="reference internal" href="#why-you-might-not-want-to-use-smart-quotes-in-your-documents">Why You Might Not Want to Use "Smart" Quotes in Your Documents</a>.</p>
</div>
<div class="section" id="escaping">
<h1><a class="toc-backref" href="#toc-entry-2">Escaping</a></h1>
<p>The <cite>SmartQuotes</cite> transform does not modify characters in literal text
such as source code, maths, or literal blocks.</p>
<p>If you need literal straight quotes (or plain hyphens and periods) in normal
text, you can <a class="reference external" href="../ref/rst/restructuredtext.html#escaping-mechanism">backslash escape</a> the characters to preserve
ASCII-punctuation.</p>
<table border="1" class="booktabs docutils">
<colgroup>
<col width="24%" />
<col width="24%" />
<col width="5%" />
<col width="21%" />
<col width="26%" />
</colgroup>
<thead valign="bottom">
<tr><th class="head">Input</th>
<th class="head">Output</th>
<th class="head"> </th>
<th class="head">Input</th>
<th class="head">Output</th>
</tr>
</thead>
<tbody valign="top">
<tr><td><tt class="docutils literal">\\</tt></td>
<td>\</td>
<td> </td>
<td><tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">\...</span></tt></td>
<td>...</td>
</tr>
<tr><td><tt class="docutils literal">\"</tt></td>
<td>"</td>
<td> </td>
<td><tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">\--</span></tt></td>
<td>--</td>
</tr>
<tr><td><tt class="docutils literal">\'</tt></td>
<td>'</td>
<td> </td>
<td><tt class="docutils literal">\`</tt></td>
<td>`</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
<p>This is useful, for example, when you want to use straight quotes as
foot and inch marks:</p>
<blockquote>
6'2" tall; a 17" monitor.</blockquote>
</div>
<div class="section" id="localization">
<h1><a class="toc-backref" href="#toc-entry-3">Localization</a></h1>
<p>Quotation marks have a <a class="reference external" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quotation_mark#Summary_table">variety of forms</a> in different languages and
media.</p>
<p><cite>SmartQuotes</cite> inserts quotation marks depending on the language of the
current block element and the value of the <a class="reference external" href="config.html#smart-quotes">"smart_quotes" setting</a>.<a class="footnote-reference" href="#x-altquot" id="footnote-reference-1">[1]</a>
There is built-in support for the following languages:<a class="footnote-reference" href="#smartquotes-locales" id="footnote-reference-2">[2]</a></p>
<table class="run-in docutils field-list" frame="void" rules="none">
<col class="field-name" />
<col class="field-body" />
<tbody valign="top">
<tr class="field"><th class="field-name">af:</th><td class="field-body"><p class="first last" lang="af">"'Afrikaans' quotes"</p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr class="field"><th class="field-name">af-x-altquot:</th><td class="field-body"><p class="first last" lang="af-x-altquot">"'Afrikaans' alternative quotes"</p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr class="field"><th class="field-name">ca:</th><td class="field-body"><p class="first last" lang="ca">"'Catalan' quotes"</p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr class="field"><th class="field-name">ca-x-altquot:</th><td class="field-body"><p class="first last" lang="ca-x-altquot">"'Catalan' alternative quotes"</p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr class="field"><th class="field-name">cs:</th><td class="field-body"><p class="first last" lang="cs">"'Czech' quotes"</p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr class="field"><th class="field-name">cs-x-altquot:</th><td class="field-body"><p class="first last" lang="cs-x-altquot">"'Czech' alternative quotes"</p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr class="field"><th class="field-name">da:</th><td class="field-body"><p class="first last" lang="da">"'Danish' quotes"</p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr class="field"><th class="field-name">da-x-altquot:</th><td class="field-body"><p class="first last" lang="da-x-altquot">"'Danish' alternative quotes"</p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr class="field"><th class="field-name">de:</th><td class="field-body"><p class="first last" lang="de">"'German' quotes"</p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr class="field"><th class="field-name">de-x-altquot:</th><td class="field-body"><p class="first last" lang="de-x-altquot">"'German' alternative quotes"</p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr class="field"><th class="field-name">de-ch:</th><td class="field-body"><p class="first last" lang="de-ch">"'Swiss-German' quotes"</p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr class="field"><th class="field-name">el:</th><td class="field-body"><p class="first last" lang="el">"'Greek' quotes"</p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr class="field"><th class="field-name">en:</th><td class="field-body"><p class="first last" lang="en">"'English' quotes"</p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr class="field"><th class="field-name" colspan="2">en-uk-x-altquot:</th></tr>
<tr class="field"><td> </td><td class="field-body"><p class="first last" lang="en-uk-x-altquot">"'British' alternative quotes" (swaps single and double quotes)</p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr class="field"><th class="field-name">eo:</th><td class="field-body"><p class="first last" lang="eo">"'Esperanto' quotes"</p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr class="field"><th class="field-name">es:</th><td class="field-body"><p class="first last" lang="es">"'Spanish' quotes"</p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr class="field"><th class="field-name">es-x-altquot:</th><td class="field-body"><p class="first last" lang="es-x-altquot">"'Spanish' alternative quotes"</p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr class="field"><th class="field-name">et:</th><td class="field-body"><p class="first last" lang="et">"'Estonian' quotes" (no secondary quote listed in Wikipedia)</p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr class="field"><th class="field-name">et-x-altquot:</th><td class="field-body"><p class="first last" lang="et-x-altquot">"'Estonian' alternative quotes"</p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr class="field"><th class="field-name">eu:</th><td class="field-body"><p class="first last" lang="eu">"'Basque' quotes"</p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr class="field"><th class="field-name">fi:</th><td class="field-body"><p class="first last" lang="fi">"'Finnish' quotes"</p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr class="field"><th class="field-name">fi-x-altquot:</th><td class="field-body"><p class="first last" lang="fi-x-altquot">"'Finnish' alternative quotes"</p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr class="field"><th class="field-name">fr:</th><td class="field-body"><p class="first last" lang="fr">"'French' quotes"</p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr class="field"><th class="field-name">fr-x-altquot:</th><td class="field-body"><p class="first last" lang="fr-x-altquot">"'French' alternative quotes"</p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr class="field"><th class="field-name">fr-ch:</th><td class="field-body"><p class="first last" lang="fr-ch">"'Swiss-French' quotes"</p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr class="field"><th class="field-name" colspan="2">fr-ch-x-altquot:</th></tr>
<tr class="field"><td> </td><td class="field-body"><p class="first last" lang="fr-ch-x-altquot">"'Swiss-French' alternative quotes" (narrow no-break space, see
<a class="reference external" href="http://typoguide.ch/">http://typoguide.ch/</a>)</p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr class="field"><th class="field-name">gl:</th><td class="field-body"><p class="first last" lang="gl">"'Galician' quotes"</p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr class="field"><th class="field-name">he:</th><td class="field-body"><p class="first last" lang="he">"'Hebrew' quotes"</p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr class="field"><th class="field-name">he-x-altquot:</th><td class="field-body"><p class="first last" lang="he-x-altquot">"'Hebrew' alternative quotes"</p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr class="field"><th class="field-name">hr:</th><td class="field-body"><p class="first last" lang="hr">"'Croatian' quotes"</p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr class="field"><th class="field-name">hr-x-altquot:</th><td class="field-body"><p class="first last" lang="hr-x-altquot">"'Croatian' alternative quotes"</p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr class="field"><th class="field-name">hsb:</th><td class="field-body"><p class="first last" lang="hsb">"'Upper Sorbian' quotes"</p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr class="field"><th class="field-name">hsb-x-altquot:</th><td class="field-body"><p class="first last" lang="hsb-x-altquot">"'Upper Sorbian' alternative quotes"</p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr class="field"><th class="field-name">hu:</th><td class="field-body"><p class="first last" lang="hu">"'Hungarian' quotes"</p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr class="field"><th class="field-name">is:</th><td class="field-body"><p class="first last" lang="is">"'Icelandic' quotes"</p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr class="field"><th class="field-name">it:</th><td class="field-body"><p class="first last" lang="it">"'Italian' quotes"</p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr class="field"><th class="field-name">it-ch:</th><td class="field-body"><p class="first last" lang="it-ch">"'Swiss-Italian' quotes"</p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr class="field"><th class="field-name">it-x-altquot:</th><td class="field-body"><p class="first last" lang="it-x-altquot">"'Italian' alternative quotes"</p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr class="field"><th class="field-name">ja:</th><td class="field-body"><p class="first last" lang="ja">"'Japanese' quotes"</p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr class="field"><th class="field-name">lt:</th><td class="field-body"><p class="first last" lang="lt">"'Lithuanian' quotes"</p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr class="field"><th class="field-name">lv:</th><td class="field-body"><p class="first last" lang="lv">"'Latvian' quotes"</p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr class="field"><th class="field-name">nl:</th><td class="field-body"><p class="first last" lang="nl">"'Dutch' quotes"</p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr class="field"><th class="field-name">nl-x-altquot:</th><td class="field-body"><p class="first last" lang="nl-x-altquot">"'Dutch' alternative quotes"</p>
<!-- # 'nl-x-altquot2': '””’’', -->
</td>
</tr>
<tr class="field"><th class="field-name">pl:</th><td class="field-body"><p class="first last" lang="pl">"'Polish' quotes"</p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr class="field"><th class="field-name">pl-x-altquot:</th><td class="field-body"><p class="first last" lang="pl-x-altquot">"'Polish' alternative quotes"</p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr class="field"><th class="field-name">pt:</th><td class="field-body"><p class="first last" lang="pt">"'Portuguese' quotes"</p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr class="field"><th class="field-name">pt-br:</th><td class="field-body"><p class="first last" lang="pt-br">"'Portuguese (Brazil)' quotes"</p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr class="field"><th class="field-name">ro:</th><td class="field-body"><p class="first last" lang="ro">"'Romanian' quotes"</p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr class="field"><th class="field-name">ru:</th><td class="field-body"><p class="first last" lang="ru">"'Russian' quotes"</p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr class="field"><th class="field-name">sh:</th><td class="field-body"><p class="first last" lang="sh">"'Serbo-Croatian' quotes"</p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr class="field"><th class="field-name">sh-x-altquot:</th><td class="field-body"><p class="first last" lang="sh-x-altquot">"'Serbo-Croatian' alternative quotes"</p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr class="field"><th class="field-name">sk:</th><td class="field-body"><p class="first last" lang="sk">"'Slovak' quotes"</p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr class="field"><th class="field-name">sk-x-altquot:</th><td class="field-body"><p class="first last" lang="sk-x-altquot">"'Slovak' alternative quotes"</p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr class="field"><th class="field-name">sl:</th><td class="field-body"><p class="first last" lang="sl">"'Slovenian' quotes"</p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr class="field"><th class="field-name">sl-x-altquot:</th><td class="field-body"><p class="first last" lang="sl-x-altquot">"'Slovenian' alternative quotes"</p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr class="field"><th class="field-name">sr:</th><td class="field-body"><p class="first last" lang="sr">"'Serbian' quotes"</p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr class="field"><th class="field-name">sr-x-altquot:</th><td class="field-body"><p class="first last" lang="sr-x-altquot">"'Serbian' alternative quotes"</p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr class="field"><th class="field-name">sv:</th><td class="field-body"><p class="first last" lang="sv">"'Swedish' quotes"</p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr class="field"><th class="field-name">sv-x-altquot:</th><td class="field-body"><p class="first last" lang="sv-x-altquot">"'Swedish' alternative quotes"</p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr class="field"><th class="field-name">tr:</th><td class="field-body"><p class="first last" lang="tr">"'Turkish' quotes"</p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr class="field"><th class="field-name">tr-x-altquot:</th><td class="field-body"><p class="first last" lang="tr-x-altquot">"'Turkish' alternative quotes"</p>
</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
<!-- 'tr-x-altquot2': '“„‘‚', # antiquated? -->
<table class="docutils field-list" frame="void" rules="none">
<col class="field-name" />
<col class="field-body" />
<tbody valign="top">
<tr class="field"><th class="field-name">uk:</th><td class="field-body"><p class="first last" lang="uk">"'Ukrainian' quotes"</p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr class="field"><th class="field-name">uk-x-altquot:</th><td class="field-body"><p class="first last" lang="uk-x-altquot">"'Ukrainian' alternative quotes"</p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr class="field"><th class="field-name">zh-cn:</th><td class="field-body"><p class="first last" lang="zh-cn">"'Chinese (China)' quotes"</p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr class="field"><th class="field-name">zh-tw:</th><td class="field-body"><p class="first last" lang="zh-tw">"'Chinese (Taiwan)' quotes"</p>
</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
<p>Quotes in text blocks in a non-configured language are kept as plain quotes:</p>
<table class="docutils field-list" frame="void" rules="none">
<col class="field-name" />
<col class="field-body" />
<tbody valign="top">
<tr class="field"><th class="field-name">undefined:</th><td class="field-body"><p class="first last" lang="undefined-example">"'Undefined' quotes"</p>
</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
<table class="docutils footnote" frame="void" id="x-altquot" rules="none">
<colgroup><col class="label" /><col /></colgroup>
<tbody valign="top">
<tr><td class="label"><a class="fn-backref" href="#footnote-reference-1">[1]</a></td><td>Tags with the non-standard extension <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">-x-altquot</span></tt> define
the quote set used with the <a class="reference external" href="config.html#smart-quotes">"smart_quotes" setting</a> value <tt class="docutils literal">"alt"</tt>.</td></tr>
</tbody>
</table>
<table class="docutils footnote" frame="void" id="smartquotes-locales" rules="none">
<colgroup><col class="label" /><col /></colgroup>
<tbody valign="top">
<tr><td class="label"><a class="fn-backref" href="#footnote-reference-2">[2]</a></td><td><p class="first">The definitions for language-dependend
typographical quotes can be extended or overwritten using the
<a class="reference external" href="config.html#smartquotes-locales">"smartquotes_locales" setting</a>.</p>
<p>The following example ensures a correct leading apostrophe in <tt class="docutils literal">'s
Gravenhage</tt> (at the cost of incorrect leading single quotes) in Dutch
and sets French quotes to double and single guillemets with inner
spacing:</p>
<pre class="last literal-block">
smartquote-locales: nl: „”’’
fr: « : »:‹ : ›
</pre>
</td></tr>
</tbody>
</table>
</div>
<div class="section" id="caveats">
<h1><a class="toc-backref" href="#toc-entry-4">Caveats</a></h1>
<div class="section" id="why-you-might-not-want-to-use-smart-quotes-in-your-documents">
<h2><a class="toc-backref" href="#toc-entry-5">Why You Might Not Want to Use "Smart" Quotes in Your Documents</a></h2>
<p>For one thing, you might not care.</p>
<p>Most normal, mentally stable individuals do not take notice of proper
typographic punctuation. Many design and typography nerds, however, break
out in a nasty rash when they encounter, say, a restaurant sign that uses
a straight apostrophe to spell "Joe's".</p>
<p>If you're the sort of person who just doesn't care, you might well want to
continue not caring. Using straight quotes -- and sticking to the 7-bit
ASCII character set in general -- is certainly a simpler way to live.</p>
<p>Even if you <em>do</em> care about accurate typography, you still might want to
think twice before "auto-educating" the quote characters in your documents.
As there is always a chance that the algorithm gets it wrong, you may
instead prefer to use the compose key or some other means to insert the
correct Unicode characters into the source.</p>
</div>
<div class="section" id="algorithmic-shortcomings">
<h2><a class="toc-backref" href="#toc-entry-6">Algorithmic Shortcomings</a></h2>
<p>The ASCII character (u0027 APOSTROPHE) is used for apostrophe and single
quotes. If used inside a word, it is converted into an apostrophe:</p>
<blockquote>
<p lang="fr">Il dit : "C'est 'super' !"</p>
</blockquote>
<p>At the beginning or end of a word, it cannot be distinguished from a single
quote by the algorithm.</p>
<p>The <a class="reference external" href="http://www.fileformat.info/info/unicode/char/2019/index.htm">right single quotation mark</a> character -- used to close a secondary
(inner) quote in English -- is also "the preferred character to use for
apostrophe" (<a class="reference external" href="https://www.unicode.org/charts/PDF/U2000.pdf">Unicode</a>). Therefore, "educating" works as expected for
apostrophes at the end of a word, e.g.,</p>
<blockquote>
Mr. Hastings' pen; three days' leave; my two cents' worth.</blockquote>
<p>However, when apostrophes are used at the start of leading contractions,
"educating" will turn the apostrophe into an <em>opening</em> secondary quote. In
English, this is <em>not</em> the apostrophe character, e.g., <tt class="docutils literal">'Twas brillig</tt>
is "miseducated" to</p>
<blockquote>
'Twas brillig.</blockquote>
<p>In other locales (French, Italian, German, ...), secondary closing quotes
differ from the apostrophe. A text like:</p>
<pre class="literal-block">
.. class:: language-de-CH
"Er sagt: 'Ich fass' es nicht.'"
</pre>
<p>becomes</p>
<blockquote>
«Er sagt: ‹Ich fass› es nicht.›»</blockquote>
<p>with a single closing guillemet in place of the apostrophe.</p>
<p>In such cases, it's best to use the recommended apostrophe character (’) in
the source:</p>
<blockquote>
<div class="line-block">
<div class="line">’Twas brillig, and the slithy toves</div>
<div class="line">Did gyre and gimble in the wabe;</div>
<div class="line">All mimsy were the borogoves,</div>
<div class="line">And the mome raths outgrabe.</div>
</div>
</blockquote>
</div>
</div>
<div class="section" id="history">
<h1><a class="toc-backref" href="#toc-entry-7">History</a></h1>
<p>The smartquotes module is an adaption of "<a class="reference external" href="http://daringfireball.net/projects/smartypants/">SmartyPants</a>" to Docutils.</p>
<p><a class="reference external" href="http://daringfireball.net/">John Gruber</a> did all of the hard work of writing this software in Perl for
<a class="reference external" href="http://www.movabletype.org/">Movable Type</a> and almost all of this useful documentation. <a class="reference external" href="http://web.chad.org/">Chad Miller</a>
ported it to Python to use with <a class="reference external" href="http://pyblosxom.bluesock.org/">Pyblosxom</a>.</p>
<p>Portions of the SmartyPants original work are based on Brad Choate's nifty
MTRegex plug-in. <a class="reference external" href="http://bradchoate.com/">Brad Choate</a> also contributed a few bits of source code to
this plug-in. Brad Choate is a fine hacker indeed.
<a class="reference external" href="http://antipixel.com/">Jeremy Hedley</a> and <a class="reference external" href="http://playbacktime.com/">Charles Wiltgen</a> deserve mention for exemplary beta
testing of the original SmartyPants.</p>
<p>Internationalization and adaption to Docutils by Günter Milde.</p>
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